How Dangerous Are Martial Arts Compared to Other Sports
Comparison of Shotokan Karate Injuries against Injuries in other Martial Arts and Select NCAA Contact Sports
Authors: John-David Swanson, Jacquelynn Morrissey, Adam Barragan
Respective Author:
John-David Swanson, Ph.D.
Department of Biological science and Biomedical Sciences,
Save Regina University,
100 Ochre Point Ave,
Newport, RI 02840
jd.swanson@salve.edu
401-3413165
Comparison of Shotokan karate Injuries confronting Injuries in other Martial Arts and Select NCAA Contact Sports
Abstruse
United States Collegiate Shotokan karate clubs have historically played a vital role in the spread of the art of Shotokan karate. Additionally, Karate being included in the 2020 Olympics is expected to beget an increase in participation. In recent years, however, there has been an increase in risk management policies at universities to protect the liability of the schoolhouse and increase the prophylactic of the students who participate in any kind of athletic activity. While these policies are of import, they vary depending on the blazon of sport or action, resulting in different athletic activities existence categorized into diverse categories based on their perceived risk. Shotokan karate is frequently placed into the loftier-run a risk category, with resulting policies being implemented in such a mode as to brand the day-to-day running of a Shotokan karate Club hard to impossible. Interestingly, there is very little evidence that Shotokan karate is a high-run a risk sport and is deserving of the policies and regulations that it is oft subjected to. To date, current take a chance assessments for injuries in Shotokan karate exist merely have non been collated and organized in a meaningful manner. To this stop, using the current available data for injuries in Shotokan karate, this study aims to compare Shotokan karate to other types of martial arts and other collegiate sports, while looking at parameters including, but non limited to, the duration of training and number of days of training per week, to identify the safest ranges and determine ways to help foreclose injury. It is hoped that in collating these information collegiate clubs will be able to help higher policy makers to reach more than informed decisions regarding chance management with respect to this sport.
Keywords: Karate, Tae Kwon practise, Kung fu, Akido, Brazilian Jujitsu, Injury Rates, Policy, colleges, university, risk direction
INTRODUCTION
United States Collegiate Shotokan karate clubs have historically played a vital role in the spread of the fine art, with many current practitioners beginning their training in this setting. In addition, Karate has been slated for inclusion in the 2020 Olympics so participation is expected to increase at all levels. However, in recent years there have been more stringent levels in hazard management policies implemented at universities to protect both the liability of the schoolhouse and safety of the students who participate in clubs and sports. This has been especially prevalent in public universities. While these policies are important, they vary depending on the blazon of sport or action and result in different activities existence grouped into categories based on their perceived risk. Take a chance managers often place Shotokan karate into the high-chance category based on their perception of what a martial art is with no agreement of the nature of Shotokan karate preparation. Thus, resulting policies are oftentimes implemented and make the day-to-day running of a Shotokan karate Guild difficult to impossible. These policies vary from institution to institution simply some examples include requirements to accept two kickoff aid certified people training on the flooring at all times, otherwise practice is not allowed to proceed, only slow motility movements being allowed at all times, no contact allowed at anytime, including blocks, and very stringent travel policies for order members. Failure to adhere to whatever stipulated policies can upshot in the club loosing financial support from the university, loss of preparation space, or even removal of its charter from the university.
Interestingly, there is very little show that indicates Shotokan karate is a loftier-run a risk sport and deserving of the policies and regulations that it is often subjected to. Current run a risk assessments for injuries in Shotokan karate be, just have not been collated and organized. Using the current available information for injuries in Shotokan karate, this report aims to compare Shotokan karate to other types of martial arts and mutual National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports, while looking at parameters including, but not limited to, duration of training and number of days of preparation per week, to find the safest ranges and determine ways to help prevent injury. It is hoped that past collating these data collegiate club officers volition exist able to help policy makers accomplish more informed decisions regarding an advisable level of run a risk direction.
SAFETY AND Hazard AT UNIVERSITIES
In United States collegiate athletics, each NCAA schoolhouse is responsible for the well-being of their educatee-athletes [i]. These individuals are treated for whatsoever sports-related injury during grooming, practices, and games, with the establishment affording the cost. Conversely, because collegiate Shotokan karate clubs receive little funding and are not subject to NCAA regulations, a school reserves the right to decline to pay for medical intendance in the result of a club-related injury. Therefore, the academy frequently imposes strict regulations to ensure the university cannot be held liable for any injuries sustained in the university sanctioned, but only partially supported sporting activity.
ADVANTAGES OF DOING KARATE
The first example of Shotokan karate in the public was in the class of a demonstration to display the athletic advantages of the sport. The Japanese Ministry of Education held 2 exhibitions in coordination with Funakoshi Sensei to bear witness how Karate is an first-class accommodating exercise, enhancing agility and coordination [2]. Funakoshi saw the need to share the benefits of Shotokan with the public, and proceeded to exercise then through the Japanese academy system where it is even so prevalent today.
Shotokan has myriad physical and mental benefits. Physical benefits include improved rest, meaningful practise, and the ability to protect oneself confronting a physical threat [2]. Information technology is besides a concrete art, with flowing movements that back up one's connection to his/her movements. Karate training is benign to multi-sport athletes, as well. In a study done by Violan et al. (1997), karate practitioners showed increases in flexibility that may help subtract injury in other sports. Additionally, karate indirectly corrected body alignment through movements that supported bones body equilibrium. Increased strength in the upper extremities, hamstrings, and quads was also observed in karate practitioners [3].
Mental benefits include a sense of physiological well-being, the improved competitive nature of the participant, and, as an outlet treatment for troubled youth at risk for violence, can decrease hostility [4]. Karate also has the ability to facilitate improvements in concentration, respect, bailiwick, patience, and self-conviction [3].
Shotokan karate Training
Shotokan karate tin exist divided into three full general areas that complement each other. Kihon, or fundamentals training, teaches the individual movements, techniques, and combinations of Shotokan training. Kata, or forms, are the centre of karate. Shotokan has traditionally had 26 kata that are used to transmit the art. They incorporate active combinations of almost every technique used and can be extensively interpreted into different fighting methodologies through the study of Bunkai or the awarding of kata. Kumite, or partner training, is the actual application of these techniques and combinations to another homo. Interestingly, Shotokan participants spend roughly one third of their time studying Kihon, Kata and Kumite, respectively, though this ratio tin can change slightly depending on the participants rank and needs at the time.
Of the three areas of training, the one with the nearly potential take a chance is Kumite. Notwithstanding, Shotokan karate is unique in the systematic nature past which Kumite is introduced to students. Normally it is introduced only in a basic class through to the mid colored chugalug ranks, representing the first ane to two years of preparation. These forms of kumite have very strict rules governing distance and techniques used, and remove any randomness that could event in injury if a error is made. By the time the student has completed this apprenticeship, they understand elements of distance, how to block, punch, strike, and boot, as well as how to move backwards and forwards and empathize angles. After the mid colored chugalug ranks they are eased into slightly more random situations and distancing is varied. They are too often allowed to practice slow motility free sparring for the showtime time. By using this approach, the student is comfortable with their torso and that of their partner, and tin movement with conviction, knowing and understanding how to practice so properly. Students are only allowed to have office in fast, tournament-style sparring above the brown chugalug level, normally achieved in their third to fourth year of preparation. It is not until second-caste blackness belt (representing 5-vi years of training) that complimentary sparring is required for testing. Many if not most other martial arts practise not go through this procedure and brainstorm immediately teaching gratis sparring from the first day of training.
INJURY RATES
Injury Rates in Shotokan karate
Of the three aspects of grooming, university risk management assessors' focus on the kumite portion. Interestingly, assessors are ofttimes unaware that kumite only comprises approximately i third of the preparation fourth dimension and of that, a much smaller proportion (at nearly v%) of both time and the total population of participants in a club is devoted to free sparring, where most injuries occur.
There take been a relatively large number of studies related to injuries in Shotokan karate [v-12]. However, many of these studies are focused on tournament (regional, national and international) contest or youth injuries. Therefore, somewhat surprisingly, there is very piddling accounting for injuries that are sustained in regular club training in family or collegiate clubs.
Past examining the bachelor studies, data was reported in two means, allowing for representation past 2 metrics. The starting time is an injury rate per bout and measures the chance that a competitor will sustain an injury in a single karate match. From the information examined, it was seen that the rate was every bit high as 31.4% [5] and as low every bit 9% [6]. The average beyond the seven studies examined was 20.five% (std. error three.42%), thereby approximating a one in five chance of sustaining an injury in a tournament match (Table 1). The 2nd rate was a general percentage of injury per person. This could be generalized to the general injury rate in Shotokan karate. The highest charge per unit reported was xxx% [12] and the lowest was xviii.iii% [viii]. When averaged, the iv studies indicated an injury rate of 23.6% (std. error 2.85%) or almost a one in four chance of receiving an injury during training over an unspecified period of time (Table 1).
It is of import to note that these information could be under or over estimations of the actual injury rate. This could be due to several factors, including 1) almost all information was collected in individuals training and competing (many at very loftier levels), resulting in an over estimation of the injury charge per unit for populations that do not compete; and 2) many injuries are not reported, or not deemed as needing attention by the practitioner, resulting in a possible underestimation of the injury rate. This is exemplified in a study by De Souza et al. (2011) who looked at the nature and charge per unit of injuries in grooming in both Karate and Jujitsu. This study, where all injuries (from very small-scale to severe) were recorded, resulted in a much college rate of 88.6% being reported. In addition, a second study done by Birrer and Birrer (1983) reported that of 79 observed tournament injuries only 37% were reported initially and only 50% were reported in a subsequent interview. Therefore, while non perfect, the data that is currently available do advise an injury rate in people training at a high level for and in tournament competition, and reported severe injuries is approximately 23% (Table 1).
Birrer and Birrer (1984), De Sousa et al. (2011), and Pieter (2005), among others, accept also been amid several studies that take identified the nature of reported injures in Shotokan karate. The most common five injuries include the common bump and trample (contusions) (46.9% of all injuries), epistaxis or bleeding nose (nineteen.ix%), lacerations or cuts (fourteen.4%), sprains/strains (iii.35%), and concussions (ii%). De Sousa et al. (2011) also reported the location of these injuries and it was plant that nearly are sustained in the hands and fingers (xv.v%), feet/toes (12.8%), leg (9.5%), mouth and teeth (viii.8%), nose (half-dozen.viii%), human knee (six.8%), and skull (6.i%). While it must be remembered that these injuries were sustained for the most office during tournaments and grooming for tournaments, the data provide a good snapshot and can exist extrapolated to daily training.
In order to confirm these information, there is a need for more injury rates recorded and published in both family-run and collegiate clubs. Swanson's anecdotal bear witness from his own collegiate run clubs in the USA indicate that the injury rate in full general training is very depression. During his 20 years of being a head instructor to over 1000 students, only three university incident forms were filled out during normal training (one for a broken finger, and two from students fainting from depression sugar levels).
How does Shotokan karate compare?
Fortunately, there have been several studies that have either reported or direct compared Shotokan injury rates to other martial arts including Tae Kwon do, Aikido, Kung Fu, Judo, Tai Chi and Jujitsu (Table three). From these information the about injury-prone arts appear to be Jujitsu (97.5%), Aikido (51%), and Kung Fu (38%), followed by Judo, Karate, and Tae Kwon Practise (xix.v%, 23.5%, 22% respectively). The least injury prone martial fine art of those studied is Tai Chi (xiv%).
From these data, it is of import to bespeak out several things. First, the Jujitsu study is the same written report that reported every injury in Shotokan above, hence why this value is loftier. However, an outcome of this study did infer that Shotokan karate does indeed have a lower injury rate than Jujitsu. Second, Jujitsu and Aikido injury rates differed significantly from Judo. One potential caption is that Judo adheres to a very specific set up of contest rules that are presumably geared towards injury prevention. Tertiary, information technology is interesting to note that Karate, Judo, and Tae Kwon do have very similar injury rates. Again this could be indicative of 1) the competition aspects of these martial arts and 2) Tae Kwon do and Karate having a shared lineage. 4th, Tai Chi was the least injury-prone martial art and is practiced in tedious motion. Therefore, Tae Chi could be considered a base of operations line of injury for all martial arts and movement in general. In any instance, from the data above it is safe to imply that Shotokan karate is certainly one of the less injury-prone martial arts.
In comparison the nature of injuries across the martial arts they seem to fall into ii major groups depending on their nature. Karate, Tae Kwon Do, Kung Fu, (and to a lesser extent) Tai Chi, are all striking arts and therefore seem to have had like injuries to Karate (Tabular array 3). Judo, Jujitsu, and Aikido are locking and throwing arts and differ in that the majority of their injuries occur in the knees, shoulders, ears, ankles, and manus/fingers [13] and are primarily contusions (56%), sprains (12%) and abrasions (8%) [14].
Comparisons to other sports
Our Shotokan karate injury rate tin can exist compared to a 16-year NCAA injury study where multiple sports in both practice and competition were tracked for their injuries [15] (Tabular array iv). When compared, the only sport with a greater injury charge per unit is football game, with the remainder of the sports having a lower rate than Shotokan karate [15]. In looking at this comparison, information technology is of import to remember that in near NCAA sports the time of one athlete exposure is far greater than 1 athlete exposure in Shotokan karate contest, though a training duration would exist similar to the NCAA contact sports.
It is worth noting that it is likely that the published injury rates are lower than what are really reported. For case, ice hockey injuries are far less prevalent in this study than the written report done by Zetaruk [sixteen]. A possible reason for this is that the higher athlete frequently does non report an injury unless information technology affects his/her play, therefore many injuries are potentially unreported for fear that the athlete volition be taken out of a game or season. Interestingly, the same could be said for Shotokan karate, where Birrer and Birrer (1983) noted that many Karate injuries likewise become unreported. According to a study done by Kujala et al. in 1995, the majority of injuries in an assay of sports injury insurance occurred in athletes ages 20-24, which is not congruent with the data from the NCAA study Zetaruk 2000 study, supporting the hypothesis that NCAA injuries often go underreported [17]. Interestingly, the Kujala et al. (1995) report showed that injury rates are almost identical across Soccer (25.four%), Ice Hockey (26%), Volleyball (21.five%), Judo (21.three%), and Karate (24.7%) among athletes betwixt the ages of twenty-24, with significant decreases in injury rates immediately below and above these ages (Effigy ane). In item, when compared to other sports, Karate continues to maintain its relative injury rate while other sports such as Soccer, Ice Hockey and Judo drib very significantly. This observation could be due to Karate continuing to be practiced at a high level to a much later stage in life compared to these other sports (Effigy 1). In any event it is important to be able to infer from these information that Shotokan karate does non seem any more dangerous than these other collegiate sports.
Figure one: Injury rates over diverse sports broken out by age of participant (adapted from Kujala et al 1995).
Gamble FACTORS IN SHOTOKAN KARATE
Run a risk Factors
According to Pieter (2005) and Zetaruk et al. 2000 the major risk factors for injury in Shotokan karate and the Martial Arts in general are the time spent in preparation, age of the participant, and the experience of the participant. Specifically, information technology was found that overtraining, and older and inexperienced participants presented the highest adventure of injury. In addition, some of these run a risk factors are multiplicative when combined (i.e. when a participant is both older and inexperienced). The impact of age on injury take a chance was particularly striking in a study by Kujala et al (1995), where information technology was shown that while other injury rates seemed to drop off in other sports past the age of 35, Karate seemed to maintain (Effigy 1).
The Instructor
The single most important factor in preventing injury is the education and feel level of the teacher [14]. This indicates the requirement of having a strong organizational "apprenticeship" or teacher qualification that includes specific instruction in warm upwardly and cool down procedures, injury prevention and the mechanisms of prevention, the ability to decide overtraining, the ability to requite advisable advice to students in the implication of techniques in both execution and results of delivery (i.e. Mawashi geri or turning kick to the caput), methods to observe the group and determine if partner training is condign dangerous, and finally, instruction in how to develop the ability to make up one's mind different trunk types and aid the pupil to move within his/her body type. These skills have years to develop, but having a qualified, experienced instructor cannot be understated.
Tournaments
This theme also applies to tournament referees, who should take previous competition feel themselves, as well sufficient instruction and practice in controlling the combatants. The most effective method for an system to control this is through rigorous and regular licensing.
Keeping in heed that there is a difference between incidences seen in preparation versus competition, injury is more normally seen in competition than in training due to the increased probability of contact. This includes, but is non express to, punches, kicks, and blocks [two, 8]. Therefore, additional policies need to exist considered to proceed participants safe. The showtime recommendation is reducing or eliminating the overall contact during tournament combat, and the enforcement of scoring past correct technique of strike and command of punches and kicks without whatsoever injury to opponent. In doing this, form and function will predominate and the karate practitioner will win points for their knowledge and grooming [8]. Furthermore, tournament competition tin be made safer by increased enforcement of rules by referees. Success in this are has been demonstrated by new World Karate Federation (WKF) rules that accept lowered the risk of injury by half [5, 18]. The connected refinement of rules through video analysis would as well aid in seeing where and when dominion changes need to be made, and would make visible regions of the body that may need extra attention, such every bit with stretching or rehabilitation [19].
In addition, the WKF requires a mouth baby-sit, head, hand and wrist protection, which must be worn during whatever tournament and has a straight touch on in lowering the number of injuries during tournaments [4, 20].
WHAT Tin can THE PARTICIPANT Practise?
While many injuries tin can be avoided past having a qualified and experienced instructor and an organization with sound policies in place for competition, there are several steps that an private practitioner can take to lower their own injury risk. It is well known that certain measures, such as those described by the popular website livestrong.com, decrease participant injury rates and can exist summarized as folows: warm upwardly, strengthening the muscles and joints, stretch, and polish their technique.
Warm up
The warm up is often misinterpreted. It should consist of light movement to get the blood flowing and the muscles warm and loose [21]. The nature of the motion should be similar in nature to what the practitioner volition undergo in regular preparation (such equally tedious move kata, or kihon). The warm upward is not a workout and the correct level of warmth was best described past Bruce Lee in the Tao of Jeet Kune Practice as being "motion such every bit there is a lite sheen of sweat on the brow" [22]. Information technology should have place for at least 10-15 minutes earlier training begins and can incorporate some lite active stretching.
Strengthen the muscles and joints
Information technology is too of import to exercise some degree of supplemental training in the athlete's own time. This volition ensure that the body, especially the muscles surrounding the joints, has the strength to exist able to hold together the joints during the fast explosive movements that karate requires. It is important that the practitioner likewise work their core to prevent dorsum injury and develop the ability to keep a stiff middle when training. This can take the form of tradition dumbbell or barbell grooming, or simple pull upwardly, push button-ups or sit down up work. Some of this work on an unstable surface, such as ane leg or incorporation of a Swedish brawl, tin can also greatly benefit the practitioner as it increases proprioception. Once again, balanced exercises that are like in nature to the intended sport are recommended.
Stretch
Stretching and flexibility are very of import in injury prevention. Stretching helps forbid pulling and straining of the musculus and allows greater range of movement through the lengthening of the muscle and other tissues, as well as relaxing of the proprioceptors. Light stretching during the warm upwardly is of import, but information technology is not advised to stretch to increase overall flexibility until the end of the training session or supplementary workout, when the muscles are at their warmest. Personally, we take plant that Vinyasana blazon Yoga stretches superior in preparing the karate practitioner for a workout. It is important, in one case once more, to stretch in accordance to the sport that one is performing, and it is important to stretch carefully. For a great reference on stretching in general, nosotros recommend "Ultimate Flexibility: A complete Guide for Stretching for Martial Arts" by Sang H. Kim [23].
Shine their technique
This terminal mantra for training to avoid injury relates to continued diligence in learning karate and having the athlete listen to their body as they larn. A prerequisite is that the athlete listens to their instructor and follows their advice. A perfect example of this is in having besides much lateral movement in the knee, a hinge joint that only moves backward and forward, non laterally. Therefore, when standing in forrad stance it is imperative to mind to your instructor when they tell you that your knee joint is positioned too far inward or outward. Even an bending of 5o tin put undue strain on the articulation and over a very curt period of time pb to knee injuries that can debilitate the practitioner [24]. An experienced instructor understands the nature of the movement in the knee and it is their job to inform the student if the bend is incorrect. However, it is and then upwardly to the practitioner to make the modify. Karate has been adult in accord with the principles of biomechanics and if performed correctly volition lead to few, if any, injuries.
The second concept is for the athlete to be aware of your body. If they detect their body is starting to anguish (especially joint hurting), they need to bring it up with their doctor and/or their instructor. Chances are that the athlete has incorrect movement for their body'due south make upwardly and need modifications. In addition, if an instructor is being unreasonable in their demands and the practitioner feels it may lead to injury, they need to assess the order and training that they are receiving. Equally an instructor of several university courses in Karate at the Pennsylvania State University, we were instructed to get by the mantra "what would a reasonably prudent person do?" The instructor should always have this into account for each pupil and adjust accordingly.
The last concept is that of over grooming. It has been recommended that for most people 3-5 hours of Karate practise per calendar week is sufficient, [xvi] however, at times where extra training is required (tournament or test practice) extra fourth dimension may exist employed. Symptoms of overtraining include an increase in musculus aches and strains, trouble sleeping, and eventually a breakup of the immune system [21]. It is of import for the practitioner to pay attention to these types of symptoms as the increase in injury rate climbs significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
From the higher up evidence, it is clear that Shotokan karate is a fairly condom sport with injury rates of practitioners engaged in high-level competitions averaging 23%. Nearly of these injuries were reported as contusions due to the striking nature of the fine art. This pct showed that Shotokan karate is one of the safer martial arts with Tai Chi a boring moving individually skilful martial art presenting an injury rate of 14%. When compared to other NCAA sports Shotokan karate did not seem to pose whatever additional risk. Major risk factors were identified to be overtraining, older and inexperienced participants, the quality of the instructor, and tournament training. Finally, information technology was clear that by following several steps an individual practitioner lower their own injury chance. In particular fundamental areas included sufficient warm up, strengthening the muscles and joints, stretch, and constantly polishing and correcting technique.
APPLICATIONS IN SPORT
The data presented here is a survey of Shotokan karate related injuries in an endeavor to quantify actual versus perceived injury rates. These rates are too compared to other martial arts every bit well as other NCAA sports. These findings are imperative to help guide university administrators and university risk management policy makers to forbid incorrectly categorizing Shotokan Karate practice into high-risk groups who are often subjected to debilitating polices that prevent meaningful practice of Shotokan karate on college campuses. This is particularly relevant since the number of participants of collegiate karate is expected to rising with the inclusion of Karate in the 2020 Olympic Games.
None
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